Relief: the sculptor carves out the image he wants to shape on the flat plate, so that it is separated from the original material plane. Relief is a combination of sculpture and painting. Relief uses compression to deal with objects, and uses perspective and other factors to represent three-dimensional space, and only for one or two sides to watch. Relief is usually attached to another plane, so it is more used in architecture. Relief because of its compression characteristics, occupies less space, so it is suitable for decoration in many environments. The relief is a kind of semi vertical sculpture, which is the image shape protruding on the stone surface. According to the different depth of stone removal in image modeling, it can be divided into light relief and high relief.

　　圆雕

　　circular engravure

　　圆雕又称立体雕，是艺术在雕件上的整体表现。圆雕具体指非压缩的，可以多方位、做角度欣赏的三维立体雕塑，观赏者自己从不同的角度看到物件的各个侧面。它要求雕刻者从前、后、左、右、上、中、下进行雕刻。完全立体正是圆雕的代表性特征。此外，圆雕表现手段极其精炼，圆雕很少表现过去复杂、曲折的故事题材或情境，形体起伏即是圆雕的表现手法之一。

　　Circular sculpture, also known as three-dimensional sculpture, is the overall expression of art in sculpture. Circular sculpture specifically refers to the three-dimensional sculpture that is non compressed and can be viewed from multiple directions and angles. The viewer can see all sides of the object from different angles. It requires sculptors to carve from front, back, left, right, top, middle and bottom. Complete three-dimensional is the representative feature of the sculpture. In addition, the means of expression of the sculpture is extremely refined. The sculpture rarely shows the complicated and tortuous story themes or situations in the past. The undulation of the figure is one of the means of expression of the sculpture.

　　镂雕

　　Carved

　　镂雕亦镂空，即把雕刻材料中没有变现物象的部分掏空，把能表现物象的部分留下来。镂雕的主要特点就是表现物象立体空间层次。基于镂雕的难度很大，所以从石料挑选、作品布局、刀具配备到雕刻程序等，都与一般的雕刻技法有所不同。镂雕的石料必须质细性纯，尤其是镂空部分，更不应有裂纹和高密度的砂格，否则容易造成断裂。

　　Carving is also hollowed out, that is, the part of the carving material that does not realize the image is hollowed out, and the part that can express the image is left behind. The main feature of carving is to show the three-dimensional spatial level of objects. Based on the difficulty of carving, it is different from the general carving techniques in terms of stone selection, work layout, cutting tools and carving procedures. The carved stone must be pure in quality and fineness, especially the hollow part, and there should be no cracks and high-density sand grid, otherwise it is easy to cause fracture.

　　透雕

　　Openwork

　　在浮雕作品中，保留凸出的物象部分，而将背面部分进行局部镂空，就称为透雕。有些雕刻技法分类讲透雕和镂雕化为一种雕刻技法，这是值得商榷的。结合浮雕与圆雕的特点和施艺技巧来看，透雕与镂雕都有穿透雕刻的特性，但是两者之间还是有明显的不同。透雕是在浮雕的基础上，一般镂空背景部分，透雕的背面多以插屏的形式来表现，有单面透雕和双面透雕之分。单面透雕只刻正面，双面透雕则将正、反面的物象都刻出来。

　　In relief works, it is called openwork to keep the protruding image part and to hollow out the back part. Some carving techniques are classified into openwork and openwork, which is worth discussing. According to the characteristics and techniques of relief and circular sculpture, both openwork and openwork have the characteristics of penetrating sculpture, but there are still obvious differences between them. Openwork is on the basis of relief, generally hollow out the background. The back of openwork is mostly in the form of screen, which can be divided into single-sided openwork and double-sided openwork. The single-sided openwork only carves the front side, while the double-sided openwork carves the front and back images.

　　沉雕

　　Sunk sculpture

　　沉雕，又称“水磨沉花”，是在自然生态较光滑的岩石上或建筑构建如门楹、石柱、壁堵等便面，描绘图像，然后雕凿凹入，利用阴影产生立体感。多数是摩崖字匾、碑刻文字及楹联等。

　　Sink carving, also known as "water grinding sink flower", is to depict the image on the natural and ecological smooth rock or the building construction such as the door and column, stone pillar, wall block and so on, and then carve the concave, using the shadow to produce the three-dimensional sense. Most of them are inscriptions on cliffs, inscriptions and couplets.

　　线雕

　　Line carving

　　线雕与沉雕施艺理念有相似指出，但雕刻技法又有所不同。此类吸引画的写意、重迭、线条造型、散点透视等传统笔法，石料经平面加工抛光后，描摹图案文字，然后依图刻上线条，以线条粗细深浅程度，利用阴影体现立体感。

　　It is pointed out that the concept of line carving and sink carving is similar, but the carving techniques are different. This kind of traditional strokes, such as freehand brushwork, overlapping, line modeling and scattered perspective, attract Chinese painting. After the stone is processed and polished on the plane, it depicts the pattern and characters, and then carves the lines according to the figure, so as to reflect the three-dimensional sense with the thickness and depth of the lines.

　　石雕中，巨者雄伟壮观，微者掌中把玩；赋顽石以灵气，龙凤麒狮，人物花鸟，无不栩栩如生，令人叹为观止。

　　In the stone carving, the giant is majestic, while the micro one is playing with it in his hand; the immortal stone is endowed with spirit, and the dragon, Phoenix, unicorn, lion, flowers and birds are all lifelike and amazing.

　　以上是山东浮雕雕塑厂家的详细介绍，想要了解更多欢迎咨询http://www.aswjc.com网站。

　　The above is a detailed introduction of Shandong relief sculpture manufacturers. If you want to know more, please contact us http://www.aswjc.com Website.